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An option is a conditional derivative contract that permits contract buyers to either buy or sell an asset as a predetermined price. If the price of the asset becomes unfavorable for the options holders, the option will expire worthlessly. This can make sure that the losses are not above the premium amount.

However, the option sellers also known as options writer takes on a greater risk than the option buyers, which is the reason why they charge the premium.

Options are divided into two major categories; call and put options. A call option is a financial markets contract that gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to purchase an agreed security at a predetermined price within a specific time period. The security could be a stock, commodity, bond, or other assets.

The buyer of a call option profits when the price of the underlying security increases. With a put option, the owner has the right but not the obligation to sell an agreed asset at a predetermined price within a specific time frame.

The buyer of the put option has the right to sell the asset once it hits the predetermined price. We multiply by because, in most options contracts, the option is to buy shares. A deliverable settled option is a type of option that requires the transfer of the underlying stocks or asset that the option has a contract on. For some options contracts they are cash settled. This means the difference between the strike price and the expiry price will be paid out in cash.

Some of the risks associated with options trading include;. There are numerous options for trading strategies. The popular ones include;. In return, he receives an option bonus.

The buyer, on the other hand, can become active. Depending on the option, he can decide during the term or at the end of the term expiry date whether to let the option expire or exercise it. The exercise variant determines when an option can be exercised, and the business process determines whether an option entitles you to buy or sell a share. The buyer can also buy the underlying asset before the maturity date, at the strike price if it is a call option , or sell it if it is a put option.

Whether this always makes sense for the option holder e. The possibility of exercising these options at any time also increases the premium to be paid because the seller wishes to be adequately compensated for this obligation. On the pre-defined due date, the buyer owner of the option can thus exercise the associated right. In the case of a call option, he could buy the underlying asset at a fixed price; in the case of a put option, he could sell it. The seller of the option silent partnership holder must then issue or accept the corresponding underlying asset in the event of exercise.

However, for this risk, the seller is compensated with the option premium. If the option is not exercised, this is his profit. In the case of stock options, a distinction can be made between call and put options. Both call and put options can be sold and sold. Managers of listed companies often receive bonuses in options from the employer and their normal salary.

It means that the manager benefits when the share price of the company rises. Usually, the price of a share rises with the positive company development and with good figures.

The manager or board of directors should thus be interested in a long-term increase in value. Compared to the usual options, these options often have very long holding periods.

If a manager has now managed successfully, he can exercise his options and buy shares in the company. However, this is much cheaper than the current price. Thus, in addition to the salary and direct bonuses, he makes even more profit. This is perhaps the most common use for stock options. If an investor is unsure about the performance of a stock position, he can hedge it with an option by the option behaving exactly opposite to the share price. The investor must pay the option premium for this.

However, there is no longer any risk if prices collapse. When hedging the deposit, therefore, only one option per shares should be purchased. No pure hedging effect is guaranteed. Incidentally, this strategy is called Protective Put. Particularly interesting is the leverage effect of the derivatives. Because the option premiums are significantly lower than the equivalent of shares 1 contract , more profit can be generated with little money.

However, the risk is also increased. For example, with covered calls, more can be extracted from a stock portfolio than just dividends and price gains. The custodian can then collect additional option premiums.

It is also possible when starting to invest. In the covered call strategy, you buy securities for a specific underlying asset and at the same time sell a short call option over the same value.

You cover the open position in the option through the paper in your depot. The income on the covered call comes exclusively from the option premium. However, you will only benefit from this return if the price value of the security at the maturity of the option is very close to the exercise value.

If the price rises, you are obliged to sell more valuable security at the agreed price. If the price falls, the holder of the option will let his options right expire. SHORT STRADDLE A Short Straddle is the opposite of Long Straddle. It is a strategy to be adopted when the investor feels the market will not show much movement.

It creates a net income for the investor. So this is a risky strategy and should be carefully adopted and only when the expected volatility in the market is limited. An experience very little volatility in investor, Mr. A, enters into a short straddle by the near term. LONG STRANGLE A Strangle is a slight modification to the Straddle to make it cheaper to execute.

Since OTM options are purchased for both Calls and Puts it makes the cost of executing a Strangle cheaper as compared to a Straddle, where generally ATM strikes are purchased.

Since the initial cost of a Strangle is cheaper than a Straddle, the returns could potentially be higher. As with a Straddle, the strategy has a limited downside i. the Call and the Put premium and unlimited upside potential. An experience very high levels of investor, Mr. A, executes a Long Strangle by volatility in the near term. SHORT STRANGLE A Short Strangle is a slight modification to the Short Straddle.

This typically means that since OTM call and put are sold, the net credit received by the seller is less as compared to a Short Straddle, but the break-even points are also widened.

The underlying stock has to move significantly for the Call and the Put to be worth exercising. If the underlying stock does not show much of a movement, the seller of the Strangle gets to keep the Premium. When to Use: This options trading Example strategy is taken when the options Suppose Nifty is at in January.

An investor thinks that the underlying investor, Mr. COLLAR A Collar is similar to Covered Call but involves another leg — buying a Put to insure against the fall in the price of the stock.

It is a Covered Call with a limited risk. So a Collar is buying a stock, insuring against the downside by buying a Put and then financing partly the Put by selling a Call. This is a low-risk strategy since the Put prevents downside risk. However, do not expect unlimited rewards since the Call prevents that. It is a strategy to be adopted when the investor is conservatively bullish.

The following example should make Collar easier to understand. When to Use: The collar is a good Example strategy to use if the investor Suppose an investor Mr. A buys or is holding is writing covered calls to earn ABC Ltd. The Put will expire worthlessly.

This is the maximum return on the Collar Strategy. However, unlike a Covered Call, the downside risk here is also limited: 2 If the price of ABC Ltd. The Call expires worthless c. The Put can be exercised by Mr. The upside, in this case, is much more than the downside risk. Payoff Payoff from ABC Ltd.

BULL CALL SPREAD STRATEGY BUY ITM CALL AND SELL OTM CALL A bull call spread is constructed by buying an in-the-money ITM call option and selling another out-of-the-money OTM call option. Often the call with the lower strike price will be in-the-money while the Call with the higher strike price is out-of-the-money. Both calls must have the same underlying security and expiration month. The net effect of the strategy is to bring down the cost and breakeven on a Buy Call Long Call Strategy.

If the stock price falls to the lower bought strike, the investor makes the maximum loss cost of the trade and if the stock price rises to the higher sold strike, the investor makes the maximum profit.

Let us try and understand this with an example. When to Use: Investor is Example: moderately bullish. Maximum loss occurs level of the lower strike or below. The concept is to protect the downside of a Put sold by buying a lower strike Put, which acts as insurance for the Put sold. The lower strike Put purchased is further OTM than the higher strike Put sold ensuring that the investor receives a net credit because the Put purchased further OTM is cheaper than the Put sold.

This strategy is equivalent to the Bull Call Spread but is done to earn a net credit premium and collect an income. Provided the stock remains above that level, the investor makes a profit. Otherwise, he could make a loss. The maximum loss is the difference in strikes less the net credit received. When to Use: When the investor is Example: moderately bullish. The concept is to protect the downside of a Call Sold by buying a Call of a higher strike price to insure the Call sold. In this strategy, the investor receives a net credit because the Call he buys is of a higher strike price than the Call sold.

The strategy requires the investor to buy out-of-the-money OTM call options while simultaneously selling in-the-money ITM call options on the same underlying stock index. Provided the stock remains below that level, the investor makes a profit. When to use: When the investor Example: is mildly bearish on market. XYZ is bearish on ABC Ltd. BEAR PUT SPREAD BUY ITM PUT AND SELL OTM PUT This strategy requires the investor to buy an in-the-money higher put option and sell an out-of-the-money lower put option on the same stock with the same expiration date.

This strategy creates a net debit for the investor. The net effect of the strategy is to bring down the cost and raise the breakeven on buying a Put Long Put.

While the Puts sold will reduce the investors costs, risk and raise the breakeven point from Put exercise point of view. If the stock price closes below the out-of-the-money lower put option strike price on the expiration date, then the investor reaches maximum profits. If the stock price increases above the in- the-money higher put option strike price at the expiration date, then the investor has a maximum loss potential of the net debit. When to use: When you are Example: moderately bearish on market ABC Ltd.

is presently at XYZ expects direction ABC Ltd. share price to fall. He buys one ABC Ltd. received for short position. Current Value position. the premium of the Put purchased. However, the strategy also has limited gains and is therefore ideal when markets are moderately bearish. The investor is looking to gain from low volatility at a low cost. The strategy can be done by selling 2 ATM Calls, buying 1 ITM Call, and buying 1 OTM Call options there should be equidistance between the strike prices.

The maximum losses are also limited. Let us see an example to understand the strategy. When to use: When the Example: investor is neutral on Nifty is at XYZ expects very little movement market direction and in the share price.

He sells 2 ATM Nifty Call Options with bearish on volatility. SHORT CALL BUTTERFLY BUY 2 ATM CALLS, SELL 1 ITM CALL AND SELL 1 OTM CALL A Short Call Butterfly is a strategy for volatile markets. It is the opposite of Long Call Butterfly, which is a range bound strategy. The Short Call Butterfly can be constructed by Selling one lower striking in-the-money Call, buying two at-the-money Calls and selling another higher strike out-of-the-money Call, giving the investor a net credit therefore it is an income strategy.

There should be equal distance between each strike. The maximum profit occurs if the stock finishes on either side of the upper and lower strike prices at expiration. When to use: You are Example: neutral on market direction Nifty is at XYZ expects large volatility and bullish on volatility. in the Nifty irrespective of which direction the Neutral means that you expect movement is, upwards or downwards. bullish and bearish. less the premium received for STRATEGY the position.

BUY 2 ATM CALL OPTIONS, SELL 1 ITM CALL Reward Limited to the net OPTION AND SELL 1 OTM CALL OPTION. premium received for the Nifty index Current Market Price option spread. LONG CALL CONDOR BUY 1 ITM CALL LOWER STRIKE , SELL 1 ITM CALL LOWER MIDDLE , SELL 1 OTM CALL HIGHER MIDDLE , BUY 1 OTM CALL HIGHER STRIKE A Long Call Condor is very similar to a long butterfly strategy. The difference is that the two middle sold options have different strikes.

The profitable area of the payoff profile is wider than that of the Long Butterfly see pay- off diagram. The strategy is suitable in a range bound market.

The long options at the outside strikes ensure that the risk is capped on both the sides. The maximum profits occur if the stock finishes between the middle strike prices at expiration. When to Use: When an Example: investor believes that the Nifty is at XYZ expects little volatility in the underlying market will Nifty and expects the market to remain range bound. trade in a range with low Mr.

call spread less the higher call spread less the total STRATEGY : BUY 1 ITM CALL OPTION LOWER STRIKE , premium paid for the SELL 1 ITM CALL OPTION LOWER MIDDLE , SELL 1 OTM CALL OPTION HIGHER MIDDLE , BUY 1 OTM condor. CALL OPTION HIGHER STRIKE Reward Limited. This is also his maximum loss. Thus, the long condor trader still suffers the maximum loss that is equal to the initial debit taken when entering the trade. SHORT CALL CONDOR SHORT 1 ITM CALL LOWER STRIKE , LONG 1 ITM CALL LOWER MIDDLE , LONG 1 OTM CALL HIGHER MIDDLE , SHORT 1 OTM CALL HIGHER STRIKE A Short Call Condor is very similar to a short butterfly strategy.

The difference is that the two middle bought options have different strikes. The strategy is suitable for a volatile market. The Short Call Condor involves selling 1 ITM Call lower strike , buying 1 ITM Call lower middle , buying 1 OTM call higher middle and selling 1 OTM Call higher strike.

XYZ expects high volatility in the underlying market will Nifty and expects the market to break open significantly break out of a trading on any side. of the option spread. STRATEGY : SHORT 1 ITM CALL OPTION LOWER Reward Limited. This is measured by the standard deviation of the time series, a statistical measure of dispersement.

Volatility is not concerned with the direction of change, but with the amount of change. Historical Volatility It gauges the fluctuations of underlying securities by measuring the price changes over a predetermined period of time in the past. The calculation can also be done on an intra-day basis, but this process is generally done over the closing prices of securities.

Based on the intended duration of the options trade, one can calculate the historical volatility. Implied Volatility Another type of volatility that is extensively used in options trading is Implied Volatility.

In the context of options, the implied volatility indicates the extent to which the return of the underlying asset may fluctuate between now and the expiration date of the option.

The higher the implied volatility the more people think the price of the underlying asset will move a lot. Implied volatility is a result of people buying and selling in the market, and is a forward- looking imperfect metric, whereas historical volatility looks at a particular time frame in the past and measures the movement in that duration.

Realized Volatility Unlike implied volatility which tells us the expected variance in a future time period, realized volatility tells us the actual volatility realized for that future period of time. Naturally, you can calculate the realized volatility only after that future time period.

Financial markets have enjoyed a wide array of investment options over the years. One of the most popular trading means available is options trading. This post goes through options trading and everything a beginner trader needs to know about options trading. NOTE: Get your Options Trading Strategies PDF Download Below. Free PDF Guide: Get Your Options Trading Strategies PDF Guide. An option is a conditional derivative contract that permits contract buyers to either buy or sell an asset as a predetermined price.

If the price of the asset becomes unfavorable for the options holders, the option will expire worthlessly. This can make sure that the losses are not above the premium amount. However, the option sellers also known as options writer takes on a greater risk than the option buyers, which is the reason why they charge the premium.

Options are divided into two major categories; call and put options. A call option is a financial markets contract that gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to purchase an agreed security at a predetermined price within a specific time period.

The security could be a stock, commodity, bond, or other assets. The buyer of a call option profits when the price of the underlying security increases. With a put option, the owner has the right but not the obligation to sell an agreed asset at a predetermined price within a specific time frame.

The buyer of the put option has the right to sell the asset once it hits the predetermined price. We multiply by because, in most options contracts, the option is to buy shares. A deliverable settled option is a type of option that requires the transfer of the underlying stocks or asset that the option has a contract on.

For some options contracts they are cash settled. This means the difference between the strike price and the expiry price will be paid out in cash. Some of the risks associated with options trading include;. There are numerous options for trading strategies. The popular ones include;. This strategy is popular among options traders because it generates income while reducing the risks of being long on an asset.

It involves buying a stock and simultaneously writing or selling a call option on the same asset. With this strategy, the investor buys an asset and simultaneously purchases put options for the same number of shares.

The holder of this put option can sell the stocks at the set price, with each contract worth shares. The long strangle strategy involves a trader buying an out-of-the-money call option and an out-of-the-money put option simultaneously, on the same underlying security, and with the same expiration date.

This involves a combination of two different contracts. This strategy involves an investor combining a bear spread strategy and a bull spread strategy. The iron condor strategy is where the trader simultaneously holds a bear call and a bull put spread. The trader buys an out-of-the-money put option and sells an at-the-money put at the same time. The trader will also buy an out-of-the-money call option and sell an at-the-money call. This involves buying calls at a set price and selling the same number of calls at a higher stake price simultaneously.

The two call options will have the same underlying asset and expiration date. This is a form of vertical spread where the trader simultaneously buys put options at an agreed strike price and sells the same number of puts at a lower strike price. This strategy comes into play by buying an out-of-the-money put option and writing an out-of-the-money call option at the same time. The underlying security and expiration date of the contract remains the same. This strategy takes place when the trader simultaneously purchases a call and put option on the same asset or commodity with the same expiration date and strike price.

Avatrade is one of the best options trading brokers currently available to traders globally. To make it easy for you, Avatrade supports 13 major trading strategies, provides automatic spreads and also risk reversals for some trading strategies. The interactive page on Avatrade makes it easy to trade options or Forex. The historical chart indicates the past, while the confidence interval displays the likely direction of the market.

You can test out Ava options trading here. The Avatrade options trading platform is one of the best at the moment. With AvaOptions, traders have more control over their portfolio. You can also balance your risk and reward to match your market view.

AvaOptions comes with professional risk management tools, portfolio simulations, and much more. You can test out Ava options trading platform here. Options trading provides alternative trading strategies, allowing you to profit from the underlying asset.

There are various strategies involved in trading options, and it is best to choose one that favors your trading style. Keep in mind: whilst there are many benefits to trading options, there are also risks you need to be mindful of. If you are new to Forex, then learning how to read a price action chart can be incredibly confusing. I am using all aspects of technical analysis and price action in my trading with a goal to help you learn to do the same.

Skip to content. Table of Contents. Featured Brokers IC Markets. Tightly regulated around the world Small minimum deposit Superior trader support Latest trading platforms Very small trading costs.

Trade Now. Investagal If you are new to Forex, then learning how to read a price action chart can be incredibly confusing.

Options can be used for hedging, taking a view on the future direction of the market, for arbitrage or for implementing strategies which can help in generating income for investors under various market conditions. He does a Long Combo. Thus, it is usually below the price at the time of sale. That is to say, if you had bought a Nifty strike call option and implied volatility declines then, everything else being the same, the price of the call option will decline. He buys ABC is concerned about near-term Ltd. If the spot price of the underlying is less than the strike price, he lets his option expire un-exercised. We choose the OTM points options and set the minimum premium on 10 to 30 points.

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